Screen for producing television images



me 2,670,4123 Z) {4} r 'r" `V 3250 l 50 argh. z3, w54 A, M MARKS amaoz SCREEN FOR PRODUCING TELEVISION IMAGES Filed NOV. 25. 1948 7 Sheets-Sheet 1 y 34 A JNVFJVTOR. j y MJIMMW@ as a@ Feb. 23, i954 7 Sheets-sheet 2 Filed Nov. 23, 1948 I n INI/ENTOR. Qwmmnaf ATTORNEYS if WM' A. M. MARKS ZMAQZ SCREEN EoE Paonucmc TELEVISION IMAGES Filed Nov. 23. 1948 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 lNauLA'vlNm ENvILoPa.

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INVENTOR.

TTORNE YS eb. 23, 1954 A. M. MARKS SCREEN Fox PRonucING TELEVISION IMAGES Filed Nov. 23. 194e 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 L I I I l I I l I l l I I I I I l l I I v o Z Feb. 23, w54 A. M. MARKS 2,6?@402 SCREEN FOR PRODUCING TELEVISION IMAGES Filed Nov. 23. 1948 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 T @rr T T R E M/ MX Feb. 23, 'i954 ,ah M MARKS I SCREEN FOR FBODUCIHG TELEVISIONHAGES Filed Nov. 23, 1948 geb. 23, A, M, MARKS SCREEN FOR PRODUCING TELEVISION IMAGES '7 Sheets-Sheet 7 'led NOV. 23, 1848 ATTORNEYS.

Patented Een 23, 95@

MNEEE STATE@ @WERE SCREEN FOR PBODUCENG TELEVHSION IMAGES Alvin M. Marks, Eeechhurst, N. i?.

Application November 23, 1948, Serial No. 61,697

9 Claims. (Cl. T13-7.3)

This invention relates to a novel type of twodimensional viewing screen for the display of television or motion pictures, and is a continuation in part of an application for patent entitled "Three Dimensional Inter-Communication Systems." Serial No. 710,316, led November 16, 1946.

Presently known two-dimensional viewing screens for television systems employ the well known cathode ray tube either as a projection image source or as a direct view screen. However, these tubes have many undesirable characteristics, Among the diiliculties experienced with the cathode ray tube are: the added depth required behind the Viewing screen surface for each small increase in the size of said screen; the limited amount of light intensity produced by the tube; the distortion to the image resulting from the curved surface of the tube, and the limited operating life of the said tube.

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a two-dimensional viewing screen for the display of television or motion pictures, which will be free of the limitations found in presently known devices.

Another object of this invention is to produce a screen which is self-luminous, relatively thin, andjwhich may be made without limitations as to size of viewing area. n

Aiurther object of this invention is to scan the screen in one or more dimensions by means of a dissipationless lumped-constant line."

An objectoi this invention is to scan in one or more dimensions by means of a plurality of cavities, whlch respond to microwave excitation means.

A feature of this invention is its novel microwave multi-resonator tube, based on the lrlystron principle, which is used as a scanning means.

Another feature of this invention is the provision oi a scanning means comprising a wave guide into which is piped a variable frequency microwave.

The invention consists of the construction, combination, arrangement of parts, andthe steps of the method, as herein illustrated, described and claimed.

In the accompanying drawings, forming part hereof, are illustrated several forms of embodiment of the invention, in which drawings similar reference characters designate corresponding parts, and in which:

Figure l is a somewhat exploded view in perspective of a conventional electro-optic shutter employing the parallel electro-optic e'ect.

spective of a two-section electro-optic shutter according to this invention, to achieve, under certain conditions of operation, a greater ratio between the maximum and minimum light transmission possible with the shutter shown in Figure 1.

Figure 3 is a somewhat exploded view in perspective of a three-section electro-optic shutter which comprises a modification oi the structure shown in Figure 2.

Figure 4 is a somewhat diagrammatic vertical section of a modification of the two-section shutter whereby lower operating voltages may be employed.

Figure-5 is a graphical representation, showing the operating characteristics of the two-section shutter, shown in Figure 2 as a solid line, and the characteristics of the single shutter, shown in Figure 1, as a dashed line. v

Figure 6 is a somewhat schematic view taken in front elevation, of a two-dimensional screen and its associated circuits constructed in accordance with this invention.

Figure 7 is a horizontal section through the screen, taken on line 1-7 of Figure 6.

Figure 8 is a schematic view of a. composite or single puiser unit for actuating the vertical and horizontal delay lines. y

Figure 9 is a schematic view of a novel scanning and modulating circuit employing nonlinear elements.

Figure 10 is a schematic view of a novel scanning and modulating circuit employing rectifier elements.

Figure 11 is a somewhat schematic view of a second embodiment of the invention with the screen shown in horizontal section.

Figure 12 is a fragmentary view in front elevation of the screen shown in Figure 11.

Figure 13 is a diagrammatic view in perspective of another embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 13A is a novel dipole terminating a three wire microwave transmission iine as applied to the screen shown in Figure 17.

Figure 14 is a fragmentary view of a portion of the screen showing the disorientation of dipole particles.

Figure 15 is a fragmentary view of a portion of the screen showing the realignment of the dipole particles.

Figure 16 is a sectional view along the axis of a frequency scanning tube, according to this invention.

Figure 17 shows a fragmented view of a two- Figure Zia a somewhat exploded view in perdimensional screen according to this invention A of the sheet 2i.

. 3 with certain portions cut away to show the microwave control circuits thereon.

Figure 18 shows a section through a variable frequency microwave resonator tube. to be used in lieu of the variable frequency scanner of Figure 16.

One of the preferred embodiments of the present invention in its broad aspects, consists of a screen having a sheet of light polarizing material in front and in back thereof, said polarizers being crossed so as to substantially extinguish vlight impinging upon the rear polarizer; a light source located behind the rearmost polarizer, and means within the screen and associated therewith whereby selected portions thereof may be activated to rotate the plane of polarization of the light after it leaves the rear polarizer, thereby enabling said light to traverse the front polarizer and be viewed. Means are also provided forscanning the screen so that the transmitted light will paint a picture upon the screen. Since it is necessary to modulate the intensity of the light coming through the screen, in order` to create the said picture, light intensity modulation means are also provided.

The rst embodiment of this vinvention employs the parallel electro-optic eiect, obtained with certain crystals such as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals, also known as PN crystals. These crystals have the property of introducing a linear change in the refractive indices with the strength of the applied electric iield which causes a corresponding rotation of the plane of polarization of the light passing through the crystal.

Referring to the drawings, and particularly to Figure 1, there are shown two polarizing sheets 4 upon the screen at that portion o1' its area between the strip 30! and the rear electrode 25 will pass through the front polarizer 32 and become visible.

In order to employ the above described action for the purposes of this invention, it is necessary to successively activate the strips 30a, 30h, etc. so as to scan the entire area of the screen 29. It is further required that the light transmission of each pointof the screen be modulated by the impressed picture signal'and correlated wth the scanning means. Electronic means for performing these operations are hereinafter set forth. The number of strips 30 should correspond to the number of lines to be scanned in the particular screen.

The scanning and modulating system employed in conjunction with the invention will be referred to as pulse scanning and modulating. In this system a picture amplitude modulated signal 33 is impressed across all of the horizontal or vertical conducting elements of the screen 29, while a traveling electric pulse activates the conducting elements successively. The means by which this ls brought about will be explained more fully in voltage be applied to the shutter Sil in addition to the initial voltage, up to a total modulation voltage of 3000 volts. a substantial light output 2|, 22, having polarizing axes at right angles to each other, coinciding with the shading lines thereon. A transparent PN or other suitable plate 23 is interposed between the polarizers 2|, 22. Said plate 23 has its Z or optical axis coincident with a beam ci' light 2li directed at the plate 23 and normal thereto. The Y axis of the crystal plate 23 is parallel to the polarizing axis Transparent electrodes 25, 2S are mounted'upon the faces of the crystal 23. Conductors 27 are attached to the electrodes 2b, 2t, said conductors 21 ending in the terminals 2t.

Since the polarizing axes of the sheets 2l, 22 are at right angles to each other, light 25 directed at the rear of sheet 2i will not be able to pass a through sheet 22. However, if an electric held be applied to the faces of the crystal plate 23, the light from the hrst sheet 2i, upon entering the plate 23 will be caused to rotate its plane of polarization, thus allowing passage oi light through the second sheet 22, which will then become visible.

In the complete embodiment oi the invention shown in Figures 6 a nd 7, crystal plate 23 has been enlarged to Vvincluie the entire area of the screen 2li either as a. single crystal or a mosaic oi' crystals. One of the electrodes 26 mayalso bestemmen -ginmeegryeilplaa 'hether electrode liowevefnowuappears as aserleotpgrgneisrfies sta, 3sb,"3c 3oj, etc. These strips have been greatly enlarged in the drawing for the sake of clarity. Large polarizers 3l, 32 are placed behind and in front ol' the screen 29, respectively. The polarizers are zo-extensive in size with the crystal area and have their axes of polarization crossed. if a voltage is applied (between the crossed polarizing plates 3l, 32) between the strip 39j and the rear electrode 25. only light impinging may be produced. This modulation voltage is applied simultaneously to all the vertical screen conductive elements. The modulation voltage must not exceed the pulse scan voltage. The maximum modulation voltage should equal the constant pulse scan voltage. A modulation ratio of approximately 13 to 1 is obtainable wth a twosection shutter with the values of voltage chosen and graphically illustrated in Figure 5. By modulation ratio is meant the ratio of maximum i light intensity with maximum applied modulation voltage to the minimum light intensity when zero modulation voltage is applied, as indicated on Figure 5.

The response characteristic curve A of a single section shutter is also shown upon the graph in Figure 5. The single shutter curve rises more gradually than that of the two-section shutter. For this reason the modulation ratio is limited to approximately 5 to l in the single section shutter. This ratio may be insucient for satisfactory contrast ratio of light and dark areas on the screen. The three-section shutter 35, shown in Figure 3, on the other hand, is capable of producing modulation ratios of the order o 30 or more.

In Figure 4 there is shown a further modification of the two-section shutter 3ft, shown in Figure 2. This construction comprises a plurality of crystal plates 3Go, 36h. 36e, etc.; respectively,

interleaved with transparent electrodes 3l connected as shown. This construction is similar to that of a pile condenser in which the condenser plates comprise the transparent electrodes 31 which are interleaved with the crystal plates 36a, 36h, 36e, etc. By reversing the direction of the electric eld within adjacent crystal plates, as indicated by the arrows, it is possible to obthe four crystal plates perl section shown in Fig-v ure 4 in place of the single crystal plate per section 2M. 23h, shown in Figure 2, the operating voltage is la that shown in Figure 2, i, e., the device shown in Figure 4 will operate on a pulse scan voltage of 750 volts, and a modulation voltage running between and 750 volts.

Referring again to Figures 8 and 7, 38 and 39 indicate horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) pulsera respectively. The operating requirements of these pulsers 38, 39 are periodically to produce a rectangular pulse, having an amplitude of the order of 3000 volts and a duration of approximately 11i; to micro-seconds. Pulsera such as are herein described are well known in the electronics art, having been used extensively in connection with radar devices. However, the present puisers may be constructed to produce comparatively low powered pulses.

Referring to the (X) puiser 38, a pulse di) is emitted at the commencement of each (X) scanning cycle. The pulser 33 is periodically keyed to edect this result by the application of the horizontal television synchronization signals across terminals il i In order to cause the pulse 40 to scan the screen in a horizontal direction, i. e.,'along the (X) scanning direction of the screen, there is provided a delay line 42. This delay line d2 comprises a dissipationless, lumped constant line, which is terminated in the characteristic resistance of the line Zorn. Such a line is shown in Figure 6 as being constructed from a plurality of capacitors fiiia, nii-ib, fic, etc., and inductcr elements iia, 54h, Sie, etc. The :ith element oi the delay line i2 is the capacitor 437 and the inductor dei. The pulse i0 travels down the delay line "32 with a constant velocity which is dependent upon the value of the inductors fifi and capacitors Q3 comprising the lumped constants.

The confines of the screen 29 are shown in dashed lines in Figure 6 as within the area delined by the transparent electrode 25, to which the signal voltage 58 is applied, said voltage having a negative amplitude. Between the electrode 25 and the vertical conducting strips 30a, 38h, 36j, etc. there is positioned an electro-optic responsive shutter 23, such as is shown in Figures 1-4. If the shutter arrangement shown in Figure 2 is employed, the requisite pulse amplitude is approximately 3000 volts. If the arrangement shown in Figure 4 is used the pulse amplitude may be a fraction of this, as for example, 750 volts.

In operation, the voltage puise 30, having arrived at the ith element, is applied between the resistor 35i connecting through the strip 36j to the resistor iii to the common transparent electrode 25. The common electrode 25 is connected to the picture signal amplifier iii which applies a negative amplitude 58 to the electrode 25. Thus the potential between the strip 30j and the common electrode 25 is the additive resultant voltage ci the positive pulse and the negative picture signal. This potential appears as a potential difference across the electro-optic responsive element 23 between the said strip 30d and the common electrode 25. The'capacitor 894' is rapidly charged to and retains this potential difference, said potential difference decaying at 'such a rate as to provide persistence effect between successive scanning operations, hereinafter described.

6. The potential difference above referred to activates and opens the ith strip oi the electro-optic this light will be transmitted in proportion to the signal amplitude.

The source of light of the screen shown in Figure 6 comprises av bank of uorescent flash tubes 50. These tubes are flashed in succession by means of the traveling electric pulse produced by the Y scanning device 39. Since the duration of the light flash is on the order of microseconds. the traveling light ilash of the scanning beam will chiefly be utilized along one scanning dimension, thereby reducing the overall luminous power required.

The total intensity requirements for the source light 50 may be considerably reduced by introducing Vthe above referred to persistence eiect to the particular voltage applied to the transparent electrode strip 30j. This persistence effect is accomplished by applying the voltage through a rectier element Ely' which may comprise any suitable rectifier element, such as a diode, a copper oxide rectiiier, or a germanium type rectiller. In addition to the rectiier element 5 l, a capacitor 39j is shunted across the resistor 417'. This capacitor 499' is also understood to include the capacitative eiect o the strip 35j to common electrode 25. When the combined electric voitage pulse Q0 plus the signal voltage 58 is applied to the ith circuit, the capacitor 49j is rapidly charged to a voltage proportional to the applied pulse, plus the picture signal voltage 58 in series with the applied pulse. When the pulse d0 has passed along beyond the ith terminal of the delay line 42, the capacitor 597' maintains the potential dilerence between element 30g' and electrode 25; the said combined voltage decreasing at an exponential time rate, depending on the RC value of the resistor 317' and the capacitor 69j only. The rectifier 5H may be considered to have a substantially iniinite resistance for the reverse potential dierence across it after the passage of the pulse lill.

Since the delay line 42 is composed of physically realizable components, and lthese have a certain amount of resistance which comprisevarious losses, there is a resultant decrease of the voltage amplitude of pulse d as the puise travels from the puiser 38 to the end of the line which is terminated in its characteristic resistance Zox. inasmuch as it is necessary for the elements 30a, 30h, 3Go, 309, etc., to be operated at a constant puise voltage, the resistors dea, 46h, 66g' are of decreasing value from the start of the line to the end, respectively. As a result, the high initial voltage of pulse 40 will then be attenuated to a considerably lower level upon the electrode strip Sila and will be attenuated somewhat less to the same level on electrode 30j, so that a. constant voltage pulse will scan across the screen from 30a through 307'. etc.

The prior description has dealt only with the X scan. The following will be directed toward the Y scanning line 52. While a separate puiser 39 is shown in Figure 6 for the Y scan, it will be understood that the X puiser 38 and the Y puiser may be combined into a single puiser unit by providing a suitable switching circuit interposed between the lines d2 and 52, so that the line 42 will be used for a succession of scanning pulses for the X scanning line during one frame, and

acvonoc then a single longer pulsa will be switched to the line i to operate the Y scanning sequence at the commencement of 'each frame. This switching circuit is shown in Figure 8. The operation of said switching circuit may be controlled by the conventional horizontal and vertical television synchronizing signals.

As showncinrligure 6, the Y pulser 39 is operated fromtimitil synchronization signal supplied to the terminal 53, and emits a long pulse 58 which travels down the line 52 to the terminal resistor Zoy. The time required for the pulse il to travel down the line 52 is exactly the time required for one frame, namely lo of a.

second (or $430 or a second in interlaced scanning, not shown) In the particular modification oi the invention shown in Figure 6, the dierent velocities of scanning required in connection with lines i2 and 52, are readily obtained by the choice of suitable values of the capacitors and inductors employed to form the line. The source light previously referred to, which is furnished by a succession of hash tubes EDa, 5817, 5to, etc., produces a traveling line of light which scans once vertically during each frame. The voltage applied to the flash tubes 5ta, etc., is maintained constant by virtue oi the proper value of the resistors 55a, 55h, etc. The value of these resistors decreases successively from the initial to the far end of the line, while the set of resistors at the other end of the tube Sil, namely tta, 5th, etc., may be maintained constant. All of the resistors 55 are connected to ground. The tube 56 may be of the flash tube variety or a photoflood speed light which may comprise, i'or example, a rare gas such as xenon or Krypton. As previously stated, they may also be of the fluorescent light type containing a phosphor which can be flashed on and oli, in a time approximating lili) micro-seconds.

At the start or the frame, pulser Y emits a pulse which causes the hash tubes 5ta, 56h, Elli-c, to be successively activated so that, for example, a line or' light travels vertically in 1,550 of A with pulses of diii'erent duration and in the a second. During the interval in which :dash tube illlc, for example, is illuminated, all other iiash tubes are dark so that light is available for transmission through the screen only along the line 59k. At the instant that line 50k is illuminated. pulse flil is emitted by X puiser 33 and travels along the line 52, When the puise il@ has reached the jth strip, the shutter section immediately under the vertical line 323i is caused to operate. Consequently, only at the intersection oi tn elne nyand the flash tube Silk is a light pulse permitted to travel through the screen E8. This is the light which constitutes the elementary scanning area Slik at the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines.

In addition to the pulse 0. there is the picture signal voltage h3. which constitutes the modulating voltage for the scanning elements 6l. As the pulse voltage i0 scans along a horizontal line, the picture signal voltage 58 varies in accordance with the impressed signal modulation amplitude S3. In this manner, the entire screen area 2t, shown in Figure 6 within the dashed lines, is scanned, and the elementary. areas 5i are suitably intensity modulated to reproduce the picture being televised.

Referring to Figure 8, there is shown a circuit whereby the X and Y lines maybe pulsed from the same puiser circuit. It will be noted in this' connection that the X pulse has a duration equal to 'the length of time required to scan one elementary area in the X direction. This time is 1%; to M; micro-second. Such a pulse can be readily generated with the conventional typev of radar pulscrs. Pulser Y, however, must emit a pulse having a duration equal to the length of time required to scan a complete line in the X direction. This pulse is of the order oi 90 micro-seconds. A single puiser which will serve for both the X and Y directions can be produced by the use of the so-called hard tube pulsers. The hard tube puiser circuit produces a pulse whose duration is controlled by the synchronizing or keying signals. Such hard tube puiser circuits may employ as switch tubes the hydrogen thyratron powered by a capacitor having a suiiiciently large value to store energy for the longest pulse required. Y

In the present instance, since two different lines are pulsed in the manner above indicated, it will be necessary to employ two hydrogen thyratrons i'ed from a single storage capacitor of large value. The large storage condenser 59 is fed by the voltage source 5B through the isolating resistor Si. The hydrogen thyratron $2 is keyed through terminals 63 with a keying pulse t3 whose duration is equal to that of the output pulse fill. The grid of the tube 52 is maintained below cut-od by the biasing batteryil through the isolating resistor 65. Capacitors d6 and el' are utilized to transmit the keying pulse 8, at the same time isolating the elements oi' the tube 62 from the pulse ttl. Similarly, hydrogen thyratron be is utilized to supply the pulse la to the line l i. The keying pulse l2 has a duration equal to that of the output pulse lil. The storage capacitor 59 thus supplies both circuits 7i and '13 proper succession.

The operation of the screen shown in Figure 6 is dependent upon the non-linear characteristic of the optical shutter element. It was previously shown that in order to obtain a satisfactory contrast ratio, a 2 or 3 section shutter must be employed having a suitable non-linear characteristie such as is shown in Figure 5. It would be preferable, however, to employ a single section shutter thus making for simpler construction and greater light transmission.

In order to do this, a non-linear characteristic may be produced electrically. Specinc examples or means to produce these characteristics are described in connection with Figures 9 and 10. It may be desirable to reduce the operating voltage oi the single section shutter by employing the interleaved construction shown in Figure 4.

In both Figures 9 and 10, similar parts have been given the same numbers, as in Figure 6, except as hereinafter indicated.

Referring to Figure 9, the element 'Hi is a thyrite non-linear resistor in the ith conducting strip along the screen 25. As an example, the characteristic of the thyrte resistor may be given by the formula:

tKc*

where Ki-LIXI-3l I where izcurrent in amperes; vzvoltage across the thyrite resistor; :a constant oi' proportionality; nzthe exponential constant. From this formula, it follows that a voltage across the resistor 'H7' must be greater than a certain critical voltage, of the order of the pulse voltage, for the resistance thereof to be less than substantiallyA acm-toa ment 25 is low. As a result, the light shutter is substantially opaque. However, when a signal amplitude and a pulse voltage are simultaneously applied across the 7'th element, it causes a substantial voltage drop across the resistor 147' which now transmits considerable current, thereby increasing the potential of the 7'th element relative to the grounded element 25. The rapid drop in the resistance of '147- as the total of the signal and pulse voltages exceeds the critical voltage causes almost all the additional signal volt age to appear across the resistor 417', and the condenser 497. As before, when the pulse has traveled beyond the element 307, the rectifier element |7' ceases to become conductive, and the voltage amplitude is momentarily retained by the condenser 497 until it leaks oi through the resistor 617. This action will occur within the length of time corresponding to that which is required to scan one line. After the pulse has passed beyond the strip 3-07', the signal amplitude, which is still impressed across the said strip, is substantially taken'up in voltage drop across the now high resistance '147'. Consequently, when the pulse is not at the 7'th element the signal amplitude present has relatively little effect in producing an operating voltage on the strip 307' and the light shutter between the strip 307' and the common electrode 25 is then substantially opaque.

In Figure 10 there is shown another method of scanning and modulating a screen 20. In this l .these two velements under ordinary circumstances. The rectier 5l7' practically isolates the strip 307 from the pulser 38 and the signal ampliier 48 under ordinary circumstances.

However, when a combined voltage of. the pulser 30 and the signal amplitude is applied, a signal appears momentarily across the 7th element. The voltage on the terminal of the resistor 467 at this instant exceeds the voltage source 16. The rectier 5l7' therefore becomes conductive and a current passes through the strip 307'. This current is proportional to the signal amplitude. Thereupon, the voltage drops, across the resistor 617' and the capacitor 119i, to establish a potential diierence E between the strip 307 and the common electrode 25 which is proportional to the signal amplitude present. However, after the pulse has passed beyond the strip 307 the voltage upon the rectifier 5M is that of the signal amplitude only, which is insuilicient to overcome the positive bias of the rectifier element. It will thus be seen that the signal amplitude can only aiect the 7th strip momentarily, while the pulse is also being applied.

The eiiect of persistence, produced by the resistor 417' and the capacitor 97', depends upon the signal voltage momentarily'impressed thereon. The charge given to the capacitor A97 during the picture modulation then persists after the pulse has passed, since the voltage applied to the capacitor 497 is proportional to the signal voltage at that instance.

The previous discussion has shown how the novel scanning principles herein disclosed may be applied to actuate-electro-optic shutters, particularly those employing the parallel electrooptic effect. However, the scanning principles herein disclosed have broader applications, and may be employed in a novel cathode ray phosphor type screen. This screen may utilize, for example, the electrodeless discharge, hereinafter described in connection with Figure 11.

It is well known that an electrodeless discharge may be started by means of electrodes applied externally to an enclosure containing a suitable gas at optimum pressure. 'Ihe electrodeless discharge may be of the impulse type, comprising a short, but rapid avalanche of electrons caused to form within the gaseous enclosure between the electrodes by the application oi' a sudden high potential. The electrodeless discharge may also be of the continuous type which may be produced by an alternating current having an optimum frequency and amplitude for the eiilcient production of such electrodeless discharges.

An electrodeless discharge may be maintained in the gas hydrogen by the application of approximately megacycles at a pressure of approximately 3 mm. of mercury, and a voltage amplitude of the order of 250 volts.

In Figure 11 there is shown the top view section of a screen employing the cathode ray electrodeless tube 11. This tube 'l1 comprises a screen of large area and shallow depth actuated by suitable delay lines 00, 03, in conjunction with a cross-grating electrode screen 05a, 85h, 7', and l00a, I00b, I00c, d. The front inner surface of the cathode ray tube 'I1 is coated with phosphor '19. The tube 'l1 is shown in front elevation in Figure l2, in which igure only two of the actuating strips appear. These strips comprise the horizontal electrode k and the vertical strip |007. 'Ihese strips intersect in the area 7k.

In the modification of this invention shown in Figure l1, the cathode ray tube 'l1 is divided into two sections by an electrode 18 comprising a mesh screen. The space 8| between the electrode 10 and the rear of the tube 'l1 comprises the ionizing section. 'Ihe space 8l between the electrode 18 and the phosphor 79 comprises the acceleration section of the screen.

The manner in which this device operates may be seen from the circuit shown in Figure 1l. The Y pulser 82 is actuated by the vertical television signal and puts out a negative pulse 93, which travels down thedelay line 8d. This pulse 83, in turn, successively actuates the horizontal electrode strips 85a, 8513, 85e, etc.. The method of actuation may be understood by rei'- erence to the voltage time diagram 86 associated with Figure 11. 'I'he 18 and the strip 85k are maintained at a negative potential by means of the voltage source 95. Since normally the grid 18 and the strip 057e are at the same potential, no ionization will occur inthe space 8l; However, when the pulse 03 is momentarily applied to the electrode strip 85k, the said strip suddenly becomes considerably more negative in potential than the grid 10. In addition, the strip 85k has impressed thereon a high frequency electrical oscillation 88.which may be of the Vorder of 70 megacycles. This high frequency oscillation 08 is produced by'the ringing circuit,

comprising the inductor Bek,'th capacitor @9k and the resistance element Blk. The vconstants o1' these elements are adjusted to give-the oscillation 38 having an amplitude E2 and being attenuated at a suitable rate by means of the resistor elle. Alternately, the high frequency oscillation 83 may be applied extraneously to the delay line c4 by placing an oscillator in series therewith in a manner similar to that shown in Flgure 6, as in the case of the signal amplier 32 in series with the line 93. In such case, the operation as ar'as the strip 35k is con cerned is the same.

The rectifier element 94k assures that little or no. high frequency voltage will be supplied to the strip slik when the pulse 83 has passed beyond the strip k. This may be seen in the voltage diagram 86. When the pulse voltage reaches the lcth strip, the high frequency oscillation is lifted to a lower negative potential and then appears across the electrode strip 85k. This negative potential is considerably less than Ea, the biasing voltage 95. When the pulse B3 has passed beyond the kth strip, the high frequency oscillation 88 drops below the biasing voltage E3, and thus cannot appear across the electrode strip 85k. The amplitude of the high frequency oscillator, E2, is suicient to cause an intense ionization in the space 8l. This ionizationis ordinarily confined to the space l by the grid l.

Assume now that a high positive voltage has suddenly 4been applied to the vertical electrode strip Aldi, shown-.inFigui-e 12, and the ioniza- -tionhas occurred ina strip parallel to the electrode-'cadas indicated by the dotted area 8l in Figurer-l2. The ionized 'gas thus produced conmoble free electrons in addition to slowly mov-ing positive ions. The free electrous will be attracted only to the elementary Aarca ik when the high positive voltage is applied to electrode strip llllli.

The manner of operationof the X puiser plcture modulation circuit shown in Figure l1 may be understood from the following: The X puiser unit ll'l causes the pulse 98, of the voltage amplitude +En, to periodically traverse the line 93. Considering the picture signal amplitude 92 as zero-momentarily, and considering thenegative bias supplied by the potential source Q9 as being' Ea all the electrode strips llllla, lllllb, etc. will be .maintained at a negative potential relative to the ion .space 8| and consequently will be unable to attractelectrons .from the ion space El to the phosphor 19. However, at the strip tcm when the pulse e8 is momentarily present, the positive voltage of the pulse +E5, added to the negative bias potential -Es raises the potential of Vthe electrode strip llli to zero relative to the ion space 8|; at which point the condition is such that. additional positive voltage applied by the picture signal amplifier e2 will cause electrons lill to lmpinge upon the phosphor 'lll only at the elementary area (ik, such electron stream causing an illumination proportional to the instantaneous picture signal amplitude. Electrons |8l impinging upon the phosphor 19 scatter 'and eventually find their way back -to the space .3l by a variety of paths (shown in dotted lines within the space 8l) and thus maintain the electrical balance.

Since the pulse 9B is caused to travelidown `the line 93, the vertical elements comprising the screen are actuated in succession and the screen is horizontally scanned. At the same time, the

lll)

. l2 screen 11 ls vertically scanned'by the pulse a3. ywhich of course, travels at a' much lower velocity.

In this manner the entire screen is scanned and modulated.

It is clear that the essential features of the shallow cathode ray screen 'll comprise a strip source of ionization in the space 8l andvmeans for pulse-scanning and modulating the said lonized strip into elementary areas by means of d cross-grating electrodes 85, l. It will be understood that various forms of ionization may be employed and that this invention is not limited to electrodeless sources of ionization. Thus,

for example, the electrode strip k could be enclosed within the tube Tl and might comprise suitable electron emitting surfaces having a low work potential such as a caesium or an amalgam surface containing an alkali metal.

Another form of screen according to this invention is shown schematically inFlgure 13. A light reflecting surface llll is positioned behind the screen proper. Immediately in front o1 the reflector llll are a plurality of high intensity illuminants |02. These illuminants m2 'are capable of substantially instantaneous variation in accordance with an intensity signal voltage el. Illuminants such as have been previously described in connection with Figures 6 and 7 are satisfactory for this purpose. The light from the illuminants l2 is converted into a uniform eld by a diiusing plate |83 which is placed between the illuminants |62 and the screen lui. The diffused light emanatlngrom'the'platc lll is polarized by a suitable polarizing t |65 before it enters thescreen llld.

The body of this funn of.scceen...is inthe shape of 'a thin rectangular .ttank |55. Within the tank |55 there may be ccntalned a liquid los. 'rpc liquid ma contains-smiable transparent birefringent elongated dipole particles lll'l. The length' of these particles le'l is critical.

A maximum dipole particle .length is desired to increase the dipole moment, to enable easy alignment by means of weak' electric fields. The birefringent eri'ect, moreover, is increased inthe thicker and longer particles |91. On the :othm' hand, the particle length must not exceed 'a' given size, since the 'relaxatlon "time mustbe sumciently small to provide anadeqnate'response to the control signals. Moreover, the width of the particles must not be great'enough to substantial light scattering when the light-is passing approximately parallel to the axis 'ofthe aligned particles |31.

Such requirements are met by collodial slmpensions oi anisotropic, birefringenh elongated, dipole particles of substances which have an inherently large dipole moment. These collodial particles may preferably be suspensions of crystallites in a suitable liquid. The crystallites may be obtained from a Widely dispersed class of organic or inorganic chemical compounds; for

example, meconic acid, quinine sulphate, cer- Y tain protein crystallites. quartz, etc. In addition to'collodial suspensions of transparent berefringent crystallite dipole particles, the liquid |06 may comprise a dilute solution, inzanysuitable solvent such as water, alcohol, etc. of 'a substance having an elongated molecular structure. Thissubstance must also have a large electric dipole moment and a birefringent effect. when a plurality of its molecules are suitably aligned in an electric or magneticeld. Such substances include the class known to 'form vi3 "liquid crystals" in molten, or concentrated solution,4 and which may exist in the smectlc or nematic state. An example of a substance belonging to the class of liquid crystals, is pazoxyanisol. Many other such well known substances may be alternatively employed.

The iront and rear inner surfaces of the screen are latticed by a plurality of wires |08, |00, which comprise two distinct series of gratings. The rear grating |08'is formed of spaced vertical wires. The front grating |09 is formed of spaced horizontalwires. The wires which are formed into the gratings |08, |09 are small in diameter compared to the distance therebetween, and consequently will cause a minimum of interference with the passage of light through the screen |04. The cutaway section shown in Figure 13 is therefore exaggerated as to the relative size of the wires and width of the tank |55, for the pui-'pose of clarity of illustration.

A polarizing sheet H0 is placed in front of the screen |015. The plane of polarization of the sheet ||0 is at right angles to that of the opposed' polarizer |03 located behind the screen |04. In this manner, all the light which enters the screen |04 from the illuminants |02 is ordinarily absorbed by the second of the cross-polarizers H0; hence the observer sees only a dark screen. However, light passing through region |12 is rotated or depolarized, as hereinafter described, and is thus enabled to pass through the second polarizer ||0. The intensity of the light passing through the region H2 is modulated by the intensity signal voltage el applied to the bank of illuminants |02.

'Ihe scanning signals, which determine the coordinates (X, Y) for locating the given region of Y light i i2, are fed into the electrical circuits connected to the gratings |00, |09. A preferred means by which this is accomplished is described below in connection with Figures i6 and 17, which show a frequency scanning means. Alternatively, the wires comprising the gratings |03, |00

I ordinarily may be aligned normal to the plane of the gratings |00, |00 by an electrical field H8 applied between the said gratings (see Figure 14) Under these conditions the polarized light ||li from the polarizer |05 (the plane of polarization of which may be at to the horizontal) traverses a path approximately parallel to the long (optic) axis of the particles |01 except in passing through the region H2. Thus there will be no relative retardation between the horizontal and the vertical components, or depolarization of the polarized light H4 except in passing through the region H2.

However, since the electrical field may be zero within the region H2, which is located in the vicinity of the scanned X and Y coordinates, the

particles |01 within the region ||2 will quickly become disoriented. Some of the disoriented birefringent particles will have the effect of randomly rotating the plane of polarization, and

hence of depolarizing the light. The result of a rotation or depolarization of the divergent rays of light H4, in passing through region H2 is to enable a substantial portion of the rays IM to y 14 pass through the second polarlzer H0; whereas,

' other light rays H5 from elsewhere within the screen are blocked by the polarizer |l0.

Thus, a modulated spot of light at region ||2 will appear to be located at the intersection of the coordinates X and Y scan within the screen |04, said spot having the intensity of the corresponding element of light on the object being televised.

The three signal voltages impressed upon the control elements scan the screen |04 and also control the intensity ot light emanating from each region of zero electrical potential Within the confines of the screen, thereby organizing an imagein two dimensions` Figure 15 is generally similar to Figure 14, except that the region of zero field ||2 is replaced by iield I6, which may be either electric or magnetic. The eldli is, for example, directed horizontally and is parallel to the plane of the gratings |08, |00. The strength of the field ||8 may be considerably less than that of the normal aligning electric field H3. The effect of this arangement is that the region of disorientation ||2, referred to in connection with Figure 14, is replaced by a region ||6a in which a secondary alignment of the particles |01 occurs, as vshown in Figure 15. The secondary alignment of the dipole bi-refringent particles |01 is such that they are aligned with their optic axes at 45 to the planes of polarization of the polarizers |05, H0, and parallel to the planes of gratings |08, |00. Ii the concentration of dipole particles |01 is such as to cause a quarter-wave retardation between the vertical and horizontal components of the polarized light ray 4, the said rays will pass, in part through the polarizer ||0. However, the components of rays I5, which are not relatively retarded, are absorbed by the polarizer H0, as shown in Figure 13.

A preferred system oi' scanning the screen shown in Figure 13 is illustrated in Figures 16 and 1'1. This system, hereinafter referred to as frequency scanning, employs two saw-tooth frequency variations which are applied along the X and Y axes o1 the screen, respectively. Referring to Figure 16, there is shown a multiple resonator tube H1, which is derived from the klystron. 'I'his tube comprises the basis of the frequency scanning system. The oscillator section H8 of the multiple resonator tube ||1 may be the conventional klystron type shown in Figure 16, employing two cavities H9 and |20 and a feedback coaxial line |2I.

An electron beam |22 proceeds from the cathode |23 under the influence of the electric field between the anode |24 and the cathode |23. Electron beam |22 is hunched as at |25 in the well known manner by the high frequency ield between the grids |26, |21 of the cavity H9, as it travels through the drift space |28. The electron beam |22 traveling through the drift space |20 arrives 180 out of phase at the grids |29, |30 of the cavity H9, and thereby sustains the oscillations by supplying power to the high frequency field in the cavities ||0 and H9. Thus there arrives at the entrance I3| to the multiple resonator tube |11 a hunched electron beam |25. which periodically varies in electron density, as indicated by the group of dots shown in Figure 16.

In order to modulate the frequency, certain factors may be varied such as, beam current, acceleration voltage or output load. A preferred means of modulating the frequency by varying the current of the electron beam |22, is shown in linear.

. i5 l Figure' 16. This variation is accomplished -by means of an auxiliary saw-tooth voltage |32 supplied at terminals |33 by the scan sweep generator |34. This voltage isapplied through capaci-v tor |35 to the cathode |23 and to the collector anode |35 through the capacitor |31. Isolating resistors are shown at |88 and |39. In this man- 'ner the electron density of the electron bunches may be periodically varied so that the time irequency graph possesses a saw-tooth variation.

A plurality of cavities |-a and |0012, etc.. are arranged along the multiple resonator tube |1. The cavity with', shown in Figure 16, is hereinafter referred to particularly. This cavity |4301' has a radius ai, and grids MU and |0271 It is well known that cavities of this type possess an extremely high Q; i. e., are very sharply tuned to a precise wave length. One dominant resonant inode may be expressed by the formula .j=2.61a], where a; is the radius of the cavity in centimeters ot the ith cavity and i, is the wave length in centimeters.

Since the "Q may be of the order of 10,000 to 30,000, a very small change in radius is sufiicient to detune the cavity. Accordingly, the multiple resonator tube i I1, shown in Figure 16, comprises a series of cavities Mila, Iib, etc., the radius of which may increase gradually from the front to the rear of the tube ||1. `This construction opcrates to produce a series of individually tuned cavities each ci which is sharply tuned to a slightly longer wave length than the one preceding it. This wave length variation is preferably Thus, as the frequency with which the electron bunches |25 pass a given point is linearly increased by the applied saw-tooth voltage |32, the cavities Milla, llb, etc., are successively caused to resonate along the multiple resonator tube H1.

The cavity |001, referred to speciiically above, has the output coaxial line |081 which carries the high frequency energy produced within the said cavity. The high 'frequency energy thus produced is led from the cavity M07' to its particular portion of the grid within the screen. In this manner the resonatlng element is employed to energize a coordinate element of the said screen or deenergize it at a -particular instant in the scanning operation. The energy may be fed successively from the cavities Mila, |601), etc., directly along the coaxial lines MM, iSb, etc., to the screen |04.

The means 'have now been provided for converting a saw-tooth frequency variation into a device for scanning along a space coordinate. It follows, therefore, that by providing two systems such as are shown in Figure 1'1, a two-dimensional area may be scanned, and any element of area therein instantaneously located. Appropriate saw-tooth frequency variation must be applied in synchronization to systematically scan in two. dimensions.

Referring to Figure 17. there is shown a iront view cutaway section of the virequency scanning device as applied to the actuation of the vertical strip electrodes 30a, 30h, 30e, 30j, through the agency of the X frequency scanner and the multi-resonator tube |I1X. Also similar actuation means for the horizontal strip electrodes iia, |5|b |5Ic`, are shown for the Y irel quency scanner ||1Y. The portion of the screen i extremities oi the vtaal: i in -L'-' tion. The coaxial feeder line |435 is shown ing in the dipole antennae Ij. Antennae 450e, |0012 |507', are arranged in close proximity to the rear of the screen |04, closely adjacent corresponding antennae |1|, which pick up energy radiated from the said antennae |50, and .transmit said energy through a three wire mired-wave circuit |12, |13, |10, .terminating at the quarterwave point |18 of the three-quarter wave lines.

M0 inscribed on the iront face |19 of the Screen.

In Figure 13A there is shown a dipole termi'- nation |1| for a three wire micro-wave line. Thin dipole |1| may be inscribed into the surtaceoi an' dipole antenna |16. The upper portion ilii m the dipole antenna |1| connects with the m tral wire |10 of the micro-wave three Wire line. The dipole |1| is placed in the near zone in ciw proximity to the corresponding dipole lli, and so picks up a substantial amount of energy .only from the said dipole. Where necessary, "additional shielding can be employed to prom energy Aleakage to adjacent dipole systems. The advantage of the system shown is that numerous dipoles such as |1| canbeinscribed or printed on a flat surface and are thus amxed perma nently. Also, the necessity for a multitude of connections, between the multiple resonator m and the screen elements, is avoided by the plu` rality of space couplings provided by .the corre'- sponding antennae |50 and |15.

The three-quarter wave lines 1Mo, |401), llk, generate standing waves |6611, i062), etc.. in response to the micro-wave energy applied at the quarter wave point |10. The effect of this is to cause a maximum voltage to appear the open ends of the lines Illia, |051) Mei, and at the same time to cause nodes of zero volt'- age to bepresent at the closed end of the line e. Since zero voltage exists across the closed ends of the three-quarter wave lines ldd, all rn'. thwe may be connected as shown and moumied at |56 by means of the common connectingvvire |51.

The operation to this point may be understncd by reference to Figure 16, considering thatthe saw-tooth voltage |32 is increasing linearly,nnd the micro-wave excitation proceeds from cavity |0011. to cavity llb; eventually reaching cavity ij and then passing nally to cavity Nitin. .The micro-wave energy momentarily being produced at the cavity |807', is piped through the coaxial line |431 and radiated from the antennae leaf; this radiation being picked up' by the closely adjacent antennae |507', inscribed on the back plate of the screen |04. This energy is thus caused to excite the three-quarter wave line |041, and thus activates a high frequency electric field with a l maximum voltage across the open end or line |057. Thus, in succession, a high frequency-voltage appears momentarily at the open end oi lines Nia; then |4517, and eventually at i, whim has been described as momentarily under excitation.

The following 'description'is dn'octed tothe means by which the micro-wave energy 4'tuus 17 appearing across the open end o1' the threequarter wave lines IM is caused to change the potential of the electrode strips tmtb, 3M. All of the said electrode strips 30 (Figure 1'?) are connected through resistors Maa, Ib Itf, to the common lead It?, terminating in contact I 52. To the contact 452 is applied the pulsating' D. C. voltage It?. The frequency of the pulsating volt'age Ii is somewhat greater than the reciprocal of the time required to scan one vertical element 30. The strips 30 are connected in series with the diodes I53a, |581, Ii. The diodes iBS ordinarily have a high resistance. However, upon said diodes |53 being subjected to the high frequency electric iield IM, said diodes |53 are caused to ionize and will thereupon readily transmit, offering a relatively low resistance to the passage of the electric current. so long as the voltage across said diodes I 53 is' maintained. However, since we have a pulsating voltage It?, the diodes I 53 are periodically extinguished.

It follows, therefore, that as the micro-wave excitations travel from the three-quarter Wave line iddo to the three-quarter wave line Iflb, etc., they simultaneously cause conductive breakdown to occur in diode i53a, then in diode i531), etc.v Since the resistance liga, for example, may be 10,000 ohms, and the resistance of diode |5312 may be megohms when non-conducting, and only 500 ohms when conducting, it may be seen that the electrode strip 30a may be maintained at a high potential at all times except when the diode la is conducting, at which time the said electrode strip 30a will be practically at ground potential.

v the micro-wave generator |60 is to periodically summarizing, then, the saw-tooth voltage I 32 (of Figure 16) causes a micro-wave excitation to successively cause breakdown in the diodes E53. The electrical breakdown of the diodes ISS in turn causes a substantially zero potential to travel from electrode strip Sila to electrode strip 3Iib,etc.,to 30k along the screen. In a similar manner the Y frequency scanner I Hy causes the zero potential to sweep vertically from strip HEI@ to Iib, etc., to Iik.

It will thus be seen that at elementary area Iii, 7c, corresponding to the crossing point of the strips Illc, which is at zero potential momentarily; and strip 39j which is also at zero potential momentarily; and only at I 56g', lc will there be an elementary area having zero potential. Al] other elementary areas at other crossing points will be at either half or full potential difference.

Thus, only at IEM, k will substantial disorientation of the particles I 01 occur, and only at |5457, 7c will substantial light transmission momentarily occur. In this manner the screen is scanned through the agency of X and Y microwave frequency scanners IIIX, II'FY. Simultaneously with said scanning the background light is modulated, as above described to paint upon the screen a televised image.

Referring to Figure 18, there is shown another scanner comprises a multiple resonator tube |58, actuated by a wave guide I59. The micro-wave energy is generated by a variable frequency micro-wave source |60, such as a. magnetron or klystron micro-wave generator, which is controlled by a saw-tooth generator IGI. The sawtooth generator IBI is controlled by the synchro'- nizing signals I8! applied to terminals |63. The edect ci the saw-tooth output iflapplied to type of multi-resonator frequency scanner. This increase the frequency of the micro-waves generated thereby, in accordance with the saw-tooth wave |64. The saw-tooth variable frequency micro-wave output oi' the micro-wave generator |60 is piped through the coaxial cable |65 which is terminated in the loop |66. The loop |66 couples the energy into the wave guide I59. Microwave energy thus travels down the wave guide |59 which is terminated in its characteristic resistance |61 which fully absorbs the micro-wave energy reaching the end of the line, thus preventing reflections and standing waves from being set up within the wave guide Itis.

'I'he wave guide |59 actually comprises a stack of resonant cavities Hita, i681), ISM, etc., with their axes coinciding with the long axis of the wave guide I 59. The cavities I68a, I 68h, etc. may be arranged external to the wave guide |59, with a communication between the wave guide and the cavity by means of perforations IBSa, |691), etc., in the walls of the said wave guide |59, to admit leakage micro-wave energy from the wave guide |59 to the said cavities ISB.

The manner of operation of this scanning device will be understood with reference to the prior description of the multiple resonator tube shown in Figures 16 and 17; it being emphasized that in the present case variable frequency microwaves |64 are externally produced and piped to all of the cavity elements simultaneously, with only that cavity, which is tuned to the frequency momentarily being generated, absorptively responsive to the said energy. Since the frequency varies in a saw-tooth manner, the cavities IGBa, I68b, etc. will be excited in succession and thus produce a linear displacement of absorbed energy, which is piped along the feeder lines I'la, I'Ib, HB1, etc. to electro-optic responsive elements on the screen in the previously described manner.

Having thus fully described the invention, what is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States, is:

l. An apparatus for producing two-dimensional television images comprising, a screen member in the form of a sealed envelope of large viewing face area and shallow depth, said screen having an electrically conductive extended grid intermediate the iront and rear inner surfaces of the envelope, a source of reference potential connected to the grid, a plurality of strip electron emitters upon the rear inner facev of the envelope, connected through isolating resistors to the said reference potential, a plurality of accelerating conductor strips in front of said grid angularly disposed with respect to the orientation of the strip electron emitters, said grid, electron emitters, and accelerating conductor strips being disposed in planes having parallel relationship with each other and the front of the screen member, a phosphor carried upon the inner front face of-the envelope, a readily ionlzable gas carried within the screen envelope, a iirst scanning means comprising a, ilrst puiser, a delay line connected to said pulser, taps along said delay line whereby the delay line is connected to .each of the accelerating conductor strips, a second scanning means comprising a second puiser, a second delay line connected thereto, taps along the second delay line whereby the said second delay line is connected to each of the strip emitters, an oscillator connected in series with the second puiser between the electron emitters and the grid to maintain in the screen a traveling strip of ions, a signal source connected in series with the first puiser whereby the successively modulated and pulsed accelerator electrodes may cause electrons to fall upon the phosphor from selected portions of the emitters behind the ionized strip, which portions are deiined by the intersection of the activated accelerating electrode strip and theA strip emitters so as to scan and modulate said screen to form a picture on the front thereof.

2. An apparatus for producing two-dimensional television images comprising, a screen member in the form of a sealed envelope of large viewing face area andshallow depth, said screen having an electrically conductive extended grid intermediate the front and rear inner surfaces of the envelope, a source of reference potential connected to the grid, a plurality of strip electron emitters upon the rear inner face of the envelope, connected through isolating resistors to the said reference potential, a plurality of accelerating conductor strips in front of said grid angularly disposed with respect to the orientation of the strip electron emitters, said grid, electron emitters, and accelerating conductor strips being disposed in planes having parallel relationship with each other and the front of the screen member. a phosphor carried upon the inner front face of the envelope. a readily lonizable gas carried within the screen envelope, a first scanning means comprising a iirst puiser, a delay line connected to said puiser, taps along said delay line whereby the delay line is connected to each of the accelerating conductor strips, a second scanning means comprising a second puiser, a second delay line connected thereto, taps along the second delay line whereby the said second delay line is connected to each of the strip emitters, a series of diodes inserted between the strip emitters and the second puiser line to isolate said emitters from said line except upon application of a pulse, an oscillator connected in series with the second puiser between the electron emitters and the grid to maintain in the screen a traveling strip of ions, a signal source connected in series with the iirst puiser whereby the successively modulated and pulsed accelerator electrodes may cause electrons to fall upon the phosphor from selected portions of the emitters behind the ionized strip, which portions are dened by the intersection of the activated accelerating electrode strip and the strip emitters so as to scan and modulate said screen to form a picture on the front thereof.

3. Apparatus as defined in claim l, in which ythe ionized gas is carried at a pressure requiring a minimum voltage for its ionization.

4. Apparatus as defined in claim 1, having an oscillator comprising a ringing circuit.

5. An apparatus for producing two-dimensional television images comprising, a screen member in the form of a sealed envelope of large viewing face area and shallow depth, said screen having an electrically conductive extended grid intermediate the front and rear inner surfaces of the envelope, a source of reference-potential connected to the grid, a plurality of strip electron emitters upon the rear inner face of the envelope, connected through isolating resistors to the said reference potential, a plurality of accelerating conductor strips in front of said grid angularly disposed with respect to the orientation of the strip electron emitters, said grid, electron emitters and accelerating conductor strips being disposed in planes having parallel relationship with each other and the front of the screen member,

a phosphor carried upon the inner front face of the envelope, a readily ionigable gas carried within the screen envelope, a first scanning means comprising, a first multi-resonator frequency scanner, the resonating elements of said rst scanner being successively in electrical contact with each of the accelerating condutors along the length of said resonator, a seond scanning means comprising, a second multi-resonator scanner, the elements of which are in electrical contact with each of the strip emitters, a. iirst source of saw-tooth variable frequencies, connected to the first multi-resonator to activate said resonator. a second source of saw-tooth variable frequencies, connected to the second multi-,resonator to activate said second resonator to maintain a traveling strip of ions within the tube, a signal source connected in series with the iirst multi-resonator whereby the successively modulated and activated accelerator electrodes may cause electrons to fall upon the phosphor from selected portions of the emitters behind the ionized strip, which portions are defined by the intersection of the activated accelerating electrode strip and the strip emitters so as to scan and modulate said screen to form a picture on the front thereof.

6. An apparatus for producing two-dimensional television images comprising, a screen member in the form of a sealed envelope of large viewing face area and shallowdepth, said screen having an electrically conductive extended grid intermediate the front and rear inner surfaces of the envelope, a source of reference potential connected to the grid, a plurality of strip electron emitters comprising an amalgum surface containing alkali metals upon the rear inner face of the envelope, connected through isolating resistors to the said reference potential, a plurality of accelerating conductor strips in front of said grid angularly disposed with respect to the orientation of the strip electron emitters, said grid, electron emitters and accelerating conductor strips being disposed in planes having parallel relationship with each other and the front of the screen member, a phosphor carried upon the inner front face of the envelope, a readily ionizable gas carried Within the screen envelope, a first scanning means comprising a first puiser, a delay line connected to said puiser, taps along said delay line whereby the delay line is connected to each of the accelerating conductor strips, a second scanning means comprising a second puiser, a seond delay line connected thereto, taps along the second delay line whereby the said second delay line is connected to each 'of the strip emitters, an oscillator connected in series with the second puiser between the electron emitters and the grid to maintain in the screen a traveling strip of ions, a signal source connected in series with the first puiser whereby the successively modulated and pulsed accelerator electrodes may cause electrons to fall upon the phosphor from selected portions of the emitters behind the ionized strip, which portions are defined by the intersection of the activated accelerating electrode strip and the strip emitters so as to scan and modulate said` screen to form a picture on the front thereof.

'1. An apparatus for producing two-dimensional television images comprising. a screen member in the form of a sealed envelope of large viewing face area and shallow depth, said screen having an electrically conductive extended grid intermediate the front and rear inner surfaces of the' envelope, a source of reference potential connected to the grid, a plurality oi' strip electron emitters upon the rear inner face of the envelope. connected through isolating resistors to the said a, reference potential, a plurality oi' accelerating conductor strips inl :front of said grid singularly disposed with respect to the orientation oi' the strip electron emitters, said grid, electron emitters and accelerating conductor strips being disposed in planes having parallel relationship with each other and the front of the screen member, a phosphor carried upon the inner front face oi tbe envelope, a readily ionizable gas carried with1 in the screen envelope, a first scanning means comprising, a multi-rcsonator frequencyscanner. said scanner being successively in electrical contact with each ci 4the accelerator electrode conductors, along the length of said resonator, a second 1 i g means comprising, a puiser, a delay line connected to said puiser, taps along the delay line whereby the delay line is connected to each of the strip electron emitters, an oscillator in series with the puiser between the electron emitters and the grid to maintain a traveling strip o ions within the tube, a source oi saw-tooth variable frequencies connected to the multi-resonator, a signal source connected in series with the multi-resonator whereby the successively modulated and activated armelerator electrodes A may cause electrons to fall upon the phosphor from selected portions o the emitters behind the ionized strip, which portions are defined by the intersection of the activated accelerating electrade strip and the strip emitters so as to scan and modulate said screen to form a picture on the iront thereof.

s. in apparatus for producing two-dimensional television images comprising, a screen member in the form of a sealed envelope of large viewing fece area and shallow depth, an electrically conductive extended grid consisting of a plurality of parallel conductors intermediate the front and rear inner surfaces oi the envelope, a source of reference potential, a fiat electron emitter upon the rear inner face of the envelope, corrnected to the source of reference potential, said grid conductors being connected to the emitter through isolating resistors, a plurality of accelerating conductor strips in front of said grid angularly disposed with respect to the orientation of the grid conductors, said grid, electron emitter and accelerating conductors being disposed in planes having parallel relationship with each other and the front oi the screen, a phosphor carried upon the inner iront face of the envelope, a readily ionizeble gas carried within the screen envelope, a ilrst scanning means comprising a rst puiser. a delay line connected to said pulsar, taps along said delay line whereby the delay line is connected to the accelerating conductors, a second scanning means comprising a second puiser, a second delay line connected thereto, taps along the second delay line whereby the said second delay line is connected to each of the grid conductors. an oscillator connected in series with the second puiser between the electron emitter and the grid, to maintain in the screen a traveling strip oi' ions, a signal source connected in series with the tiret puiser whereby the successively modulated and pulsed accelerator electrodes may cause electrons to fall upon said phosphor from selected portions of the emitter surface behind the ionized strip, which portions are defined by the intersection of the activated accelerating electrode strip and the grid conductors so as to scan and modulate said screen to form a picture on the front thereof.

9. An apparatus for producing two-dimensional television images comprising. a screen member .in the form of a sealed envelope of large viewing face area and shallow depth, said screen having an electrically conductive extended grid intermediate the front and rear inner surfaces of the envelope, a source oi reference potential connected to the grid, a plurality of strip electron emitters upon the rear inner face of the envelope, connected through isolating resistors to the said reference potential, a plurality of accelerating conductor strips in front of said grid anguirly disposed with respect to the orientation of the strip electron emitters, said grid, electron emitters and accelerating conductor strips being disposed in planes having parallel relationship with each other and the front of the screen member, a phosphor carried upon the inner front face of the envelope, a readily ionizable gas carried within the screen envelope, a first scanning means cornprising, a multi-resonator frequency scanner, said scanner being successively in electrical contact with each of the electron emitter strips along the length of said resonator, a second scanning means comprising, a puiser, a delay line connected to said puiser, taps along the delay line whereby the delay line is connected to each of the accelerator electrode strips, a source of saw-tooth variable frequencies connected to the multi-resonator to maintain a traveling strip of ions within the tube, a signal source connected in series with the puiser whereby the successively modulated and pulsed accelerator electrodes may cause electrons to fall upon the phosphor from selected portions of the emitters behind the ionized strip. which portions are deilned by the intersection of the activated accelerating electrode strip and the strip emitters so as to scan and modulate said screen to form a picture on the front thereof.

. ALVDI M. MARKS.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,313,286 Okolicanyi Mar. r9, 1943 2,371,643 Okolicanyi Mar. 20, 1945 2,467,786 Toulon Apr. 19, 1949 2571353 Toulon May 24, 1950 2,500,929 Chilowsky Mar. 2l, 1950 2,595,617 Toulon May 6, 1952 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 48,053 France Oct. 18, 1937 48,456 France Mar. 8, 1938 50,433 France --.2- June 5, 1940 108,062 France May 18, 1943 368,823 Great Britain- Mar. l0, 1932 

